Sturgeon told a news conference in Edinburgh that she would remain leader of Scotland's devolved government until a successor is found.
She said the decision was not linked to recent short-term issues.
Sturgeon became the leader of the ruling Scottish National Party (SNP) in the wake of its 2014 independence referendum when the country voted 55% to 45% to remain as part of the United Kingdom.
She suffered a blow in November when the United Kingdom's top court ruled that the Scottish government could not hold a second referendum without approval from the British parliament, France24 reported.
Sturgeon said in response that she would turn the next British general election into a de facto referendum to ramp up pressure on Westminster to grant another vote.
Support for independence rose above 50% in the wake of the Supreme Court ruling but it has slipped back in recent months.
MP/PR
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